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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2021: 1.515
5 Year Impact Factor 2020: 1.490
CiteScore 2021: 2.6
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2021: 0.34
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2021: 0.74
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

A. Liebert, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

A. Borkowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski and P. Korczyk, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

A. Tylikowski, Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Mechanised Construction and Rock Mining, Warsaw

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

S. Przemieniecki, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

W. Włosiński , Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Copy Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: renata.podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Ewa Trojanowska, ewa.trojanowska@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access

1 Comparing the efficiency of different structural skeleton for base isolated domes
Sara Casciati
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e143555
Keywords: base isolation design requirements dome isolation device passive structural control
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Abstract

The structural concept of dome dates back to the Pantheon in Rome. It is used as cover of many churches and mosques all around the world. Light solutions, with a well visible dome shaped truss skeleton, are often preferred in modern architecture. Base isolation techniques can be adopted to mitigate the seismic effects. The target of this contribution is to investigate the efficiency of different designs for the truss skeleton. To afford the problem, one has to assign the constraints, the materials and the geometry of the dome, its supporting structure and the isolation devices (number, locations, and type). The screening of the effects of different scheme assumptions on the structural behaviour provides a better insight to the problem.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sara Casciati
ORCID: ORCID
2 Coda wave interferometry for monitoring the fracture process of concrete beams under bending test
Magdalena Knak , Erwin Jakub Wojtczak , Magdalena Rucka
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144118 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144118
Keywords: non-destructive testing concrete beams crack detection fracture process ultrasonic waves coda wave interferometry digital image correlation
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Abstract

Early detection of damage is necessary for the safe and reliable use of civil engineering structures made of concrete. Recently, the identification of micro-cracks in concrete has become an area of growing interest, especially using wave-based techniques. In this paper, a non-destructive testing approach for the characterization of the fracture process was presented. Experimental tests were made on concrete beams subjected to mechanical degradation in a 3-point bending test. The ultrasonic waves were registered on a specimen surface by piezoelectric transducers located at several points. Then, the signals were processed taking advantage of the wave scattering due to micro-cracks disturbances. For early-stage damage detection, coda wave interferometry was used. The novelty of the work concerns the application of the complex decorrelation matrix and the moving reference trace approach for better distinguishment of sensors located at different parts of a crack zone. To enhance coda wave-based damage identification results, optical imaging of crack development was performed by digital image correlation measurement. Obtained results showed that the coda wave interferometry technique can be successfully used as a quantitative measure of changes in the structure of concrete. The results also indicated that the course of decorrelation coefficient curves enabled the identification of three stages during degradation and it depended on the location of acquisition points regarding the crack zone.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Knak
Erwin Jakub Wojtczak
Magdalena Rucka
3 Ensemble of feature extraction methods to improve the structural damage classification in a wind turbine foundation
Jersson Xavier Leon-Medina , Núria Parés , Maribel Anaya , Diego A. Tibaduiza , Francesc Pozo
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144606
Keywords: structural health monitoring wind turbine foundation damage classification machine learning feature extraction XGBoost
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Abstract

The condition monitoring of offshore wind power plants is an important topic that remains open. This monitoring search to lower the maintenance cost of these plants. One of the main components of the wind power plant is the wind turbine foundation. This study describes a data driven structural damage classification methodology applied in a wind turbine foundation. A vibration-response was captured in the structure using an accelerometer network. After arranged the obtained data, a feature vector of 58, 008 features was obtained. An ensemble approach of feature extraction methods was applied to obtain a new set of features. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Laplacian eigenmaps were used as dimensionality reduction methods, each one separately. The union of these new features is used to create a reduced feature matrix. The reduced feature matrix is used as input to train an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning-based classification model. Four different damage scenarios were applied in the structure. Therefore, considering the healthy structure, there were 5 classes in total that were correctly classified. Five-fold cross validation is used to obtain a final classification accuracy. As a result, 100% of classification accuracy was obtained after applying the developed damage classification methodology in a wind-turbine offshore jacket-type foundation benchmark structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jersson Xavier Leon-Medina
Núria Parés
Maribel Anaya
Diego A. Tibaduiza
Francesc Pozo
4 Human-induced force reconstruction using a non-linear electrodynamic shaker applying an iterative neural network algorithm
César Peláez-Rodríguez , Álvaro Magdaleno , Sancho Salcedo-Sanz , Antolín Lorenzana
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144615 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144615
Keywords: ground reaction forces electrodynamic shaker artificial neural networks forces reconstruction iterative neural network
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Abstract

An iterative neural network framework is proposed in this paper for the human-induced Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) replication with an inertial electrodynamic mass actuator (APS 400). This is a first approach to the systematization of dynamic load tests on structures in a purely objective, repeatable and pedestrian-independent basis. Therefore, an inversion-free offline algorithm based on Machine Learning techniques has been applied for the first time on an electrodynamic shaker, without requiring its inverse model to tackle the inverse problem of successful force reconstruction. The proposed approach aims to obtain the optimal drive signal to minimize the error between the experimental shaker output and the reference force signal, measured with a pair of instrumented insoles (Loadsol©) for human bouncing at different fre- quencies and amplitudes. The optimal performance, stability and convergence of the system are verified through experimental tests, achieving excellent results in both time and frequency domain.
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Authors and Affiliations

César Peláez-Rodríguez
Álvaro Magdaleno
Sancho Salcedo-Sanz
Antolín Lorenzana
5 Flywheel proof mass actuator for active vibration control
Aleksander Kras , Paolo Gardonio
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144605 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144605
Keywords: inerter proof mass actuator velocity feedback
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Abstract

This paper presents experimental results of a new proof mass actuator for the implementation of velocity feedback control loops to reduce the flexural vibration of a thin plate structure. Classical proof mass actuators are formed by coil–magnet linear motors. These actuators can generate constant force at frequencies above the fundamental resonance frequency of the spring–magnet system, which can be used to efficiently implement point velocity feedback control loops. However, the dynamics of the spring–magnet system limits the stability and control performance of the loops when the actuators are exposed to shocks. The proof mass actuator investigated in this paper includes an additional flywheel element that improves the stability of the velocity feedback loop both by increasing the feedback gain margin and by reducing the actuator fundamental resonance frequency. This paper is focused on the stability and control performance of decentralised velocity feedback control loops.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Kras
Paolo Gardonio
6 Experimental dynamic damage assessment of PUFJ protected brick infilled RC building during successive shake table tests
Arkadiusz Kwiecień , Zoran Rakicevic , Jarosław Chełmecki , Aleksandra Bogdanovic , Marcin Tekieli , Łukasz Hojdys , Matija Gams , Piotr Krajewski , Filip Manojlovski , Antonio Soklarovski , Omer Faruk Halici , Theodoros Rousakis , Vachan Vanian
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144940
Keywords: shake table earthquake dynamic characteristics modal hammer DIC
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Abstract

It is very important to determine eigen-values before and after certain extreme events that may cause damage accumulation such as earthquake, blasts, mining or seismic tests on research models. Unique experiment design and shake table testing was performed to investigate seismic performance of a 3D RC building model with infill walls and advanced protection with polyurethane-based joints and fiber polymer reinforced light and emergency jackets. For the purpose of a wider experimental activities three methods for determination of the dynamic characteristics were used during multiple successive shake table tests following a dynamic pushover approach and are presented in detail. They are Inertance function through impact hammer tests, standard Fourier transformation of measured acceleration time history and digital image correlation. The expected differences in the results are related to the type and intensity of excitation used, the involvement of materials with different mechanical and physical properties and with different rate and extend of damage accumulation, as well as local or global measurements. Yet, all methods lead to reliable results when a consistent methodology is being used, that takes into account locality or globality of measurements, leaving a choice for the most suitable depending on the site conditions. The presented inertance function method manifested its high efficiency in analysis of dynamic properties of large-scale structures and in monitoring of their changes caused by damage and repair process. It offers quite wide range of useful information, does not require very expensive equipment and its transportation cost is negligible. This method seems to be a proper diagnostic tool for simple experimental modal analysis of real structures and their structural elements, where detection of changes in structural condition and in dynamic properties is required, also as a non-destructive testing and monitoring method. The Digital image correlation proved to be a promising non-contact tool, strongly supporting the conventional instrumentation of shake table testing, while the Fourier transformation was used as a benchmark method yielding the most reliable results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arkadiusz Kwiecień
Zoran Rakicevic
Jarosław Chełmecki
Aleksandra Bogdanovic
Marcin Tekieli
Łukasz Hojdys
Matija Gams
Piotr Krajewski
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Manojlovski
Antonio Soklarovski
Omer Faruk Halici
Theodoros Rousakis
Vachan Vanian
7 Dynamic Displacement Tracking in Viscoelastic Solids by Actuation Stresses: One-Dimensional Analytic Example Involving Shock Waves
Hans Irschik , Michael Krommer
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144616 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144616
Keywords: displacement tracking eigenstrains actuation stresses linear viscoelasticity shock waves symbolic computation
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Abstract

A one-dimensional (1D) analytic example for dynamic displacement tracking in linear viscoelastic solids is presented. Displacement tracking is achieved by actuation stresses that are produced by eigenstrains. Our 1D example deals with a viscoelastic half-space under the action of a suddenly applied tensile surface traction. The surface traction induces a uni-axial shock wave that travels into the half-space. Our tracking goal is to add to the applied surface traction a transient spatial distribution of actuation stresses such that the total displacement of the viscoelastic half-space coincides with the shock wave produced by the surface traction in a purely elastic half-space. We particularly consider a half-space made of a viscoelastic Maxwell type material. Analytic solutions of this tracking problem are derived by means of the symbolic computer code MAPLE. The 1D solution presented below exemplifies a formal 3D solution derived earlier by the present authors for linear viscoelastic solids that are described by Boltzmann hereditary laws. In the latter formal solution, no reference was made to shock waves. Our present solution demonstrates its validity also in the presence of singular wave fronts. Moreover in our example we show that, as was also indicated in our earlier work, the actuation stress can be split into two parts, one of them producing no stresses, and the other no displacements in two properly enlarged problems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hans Irschik
Michael Krommer
8 The optimization of the TMDI for efficient mitigation of the vibration
Konrad Mnich , Przemysław Perlikowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144619 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144619
Keywords: tuned mass damper inerter optimization mitigation of vibrations
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Abstract

The paper concerns the optimization of a tuned mass damper with inerter (TMDI) based on two strategies, i.e., the minimum amplitude in the resonance peak and minimum area under the frequency response curve. The optimization is based on real, accessible pa- rameters. Both optimization procedures are presented in two steps. In the first one, two parameters of the TMDI are tuned (inertance and damping coefficient), while in the second one, three parameters (mass, inertance, and damping coefficient). We show that both strategies give the optimum sets of parameters and allow the reduction of the amplitude of the damped system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Konrad Mnich
Przemysław Perlikowski
9 Motion tracking of a rigid-flexible link robotic system in an underactuated control mode
Elżbieta Jarzębowska , Krzysztof Augustynek , Andrzej Urbaś
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144620 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144620
Keywords: manipulator actuator failure CoPCoD method optimization
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Abstract

The paper presents its contribution to tracking control design of mechanical systems in an underactuated mode conditions, i.e. when the number of actuators is less than the number of possible control inputs. Fully actuated mechanical systems are quite well researched and controller designs are well developed for them as well. However, in applications, due to costs, weight, design and performance regimes or due to an actuator failure, the underactuated control mode is required. With the aid of the computational procedure for constrained dynamics (CoPCoD), the constrained dynamics, i.e. the reference motion dynamics, and tracking control in an underactuated mode are designed for an example of a three link planar manipulator model with rigid and flexible links. A dynamic optimization problem is formulated in the paper to obtain optimal time courses of manipulator joint coordinates in underactuated mode conditions in order to apply them to a manipulator driving links controller.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Jarzębowska
Krzysztof Augustynek
Andrzej Urbaś
10 A BIM technology-based underwater structure damage identification and management method
Xiaofei Li , Rongrong Su , Peng Cheng , Heming Sun , Qinghang Meng , Taiyi Song , Mengpu Wei , Chen Zhang
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144602 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144602
Keywords: building information modeling underwater structural disease damage identification deep learning
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Abstract

With the continuous development of bridge technology, the condition assessment of large bridges has gradually attracted attention. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology provides valuable information about a structure's existing health, keeping it safe and uninterrupted use under various operating conditions by mitigating risks and hazards on time. At the same time, the problem of bridge underwater structure disease is becoming more obvious, affecting the safe operation of the bridge structure. It is necessary to test the bridge’s underwater structure. This paper develops a bridge underwater structure health monitoring system by combining building information modeling (BIM) and an underwater structure damage algorithm. This paper is verified by multiple image recognition networks, and compared with the advantages of different networks, the YOLOV4 network is used as the main body to improve, and a lightweight convolutional neural network (Lite-yolov4) is built. At the same time, the accuracy of disease identification and the performance of each network are tested in various experimental environments, and the reliability of the underwater structure detection link is verified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaofei Li
Rongrong Su
Peng Cheng
Heming Sun
Qinghang Meng
Taiyi Song
Mengpu Wei
Chen Zhang
11 The Look-Up Algorithm of Monitoring an Object Described by Non-Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
Przemysław Hawro , Tadeusz Kwater , Jacek Bartman , Bogdan Kwiatkowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144603 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144603
Keywords: Look-Up algorithm monitoring on-line adaptive estimation polluted river MATLAB
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Abstract

The article proposes an adaptive algorithm that generates all object signals, including those for which measurements are not performed due to the difficulties associated with on-line measurements. The algorithm is modeled on the idea of the Kalman filter using its equation, however, the selection of gains is optimized in a different way, i.e. the constant values depend on the adopted ranges of adaptation errors. Moreover, the knowledge of the statistics of all noise signals is not imposed and there is no linearity constraint. This approach allowed to reduce the complexity of calculations. This algorithm can be used in real-time systems to generate signals of objects described by non-linear differential equations and it is universal, which allows it to be used for various objects. In the conducted research, on the example of a biochemically contaminated river, only easily measurable signals were used to generated the object signals, and in addition, in the case of absence some measurements, the functioning of the algorithm did not destabilize.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Hawro
Tadeusz Kwater
Jacek Bartman
Bogdan Kwiatkowski
12 Microstructure evolution in directionally solidifying Cu-17 at.% Al eutectic alloy
Małgorzata Perek-Nowak , Grzegorz Boczkal , Paweł Pałka , Piotr Kuropatwa
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144604 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144604
Keywords: Cu-Al alloy direct solidification gradual material texture
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Perek-Nowak
Grzegorz Boczkal
Paweł Pałka
Piotr Kuropatwa
13 The structure and properties of magnetic composites based on amorphous Fe alloys
Bartłomiej Jeż , Przemysław Postawa , Marcin Nabiałek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144608 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144608
Keywords: bulk amorphous alloys magnetic composites high temperature isostatic press
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Abstract

Materials with the so-called soft magnetic properties are an important object of material engineering research due to their potential application, among others, in the construction of low-loss transformer cores. Such properties are typical for alloys with an amorphous structure with a high content of ferromagnetic elements: Fe, Co, Ni. Difficulties related with obtaining alloys which meet satisfactory dimensions result in the search for new solutions. One of them is the production of composites based on ferromagnetic powders obtained from amorphous alloys. This paper presents results of structure research for composite materials produced in a multi-stage production process. Magnetic composites were made on the basis of bulk amorphous Fe70B20Y5Nb4Mo1 alloy produced by the injection method. On the basis of the obtained powder, two series of moldings were made: with 0.5% resin and covered with high-temperature varnish. Final composites were produced by using high temperature isostatic press. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the composites without resin are characterized by much better magnetic properties compared to the resin-bonded composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Jeż
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Postawa
Marcin Nabiałek
ORCID: ORCID
14 The influence of the spatial distribution and the type of material on the occurrence of bandgaps in phononic crystals
Sebastian Garus , Wojciech Sochacki , Paweł Kwiatoń , Marcin Nabiałek , Jana Petrů , Mariusz Kubanek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144609 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144609
Keywords: finite difference time domain band gap phononic crystal mechanical waves propagation
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Abstract

The study investigated the effect of the fill factor, lattice constant, and the shape and type of meta-atom material on the reduction of mechanical wave transmission in quasi-two-dimensional phononic structures. A finite difference algorithm in the time domain was used for the analysis, and the obtained time series were converted into the frequency domain using the discrete Fourier transform. The use of materials with large differences in acoustic impedance allowed to determine the influence of the meta-atom material on the propagation of the mechanical wave.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Garus
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Sochacki
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kwiatoń
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
ORCID: ORCID
Jana Petrů
Mariusz Kubanek
ORCID: ORCID
15 Effect of spray distance on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of WC - based coatings sprayed by HVOF
Ewa Jonda , Leszek Łatka , Artur Maciej , Marcin Godzierz , Klaudiusz Gołombek , Andrzej Radziszewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144610 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144610
Keywords: WC-based powders AZ31 magnesium alloy High Velocity Oxy Fuel microstructure corrosion resistance
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Abstract

Cermet coatings provide protection against aggressive operating environment of machine and device elements, such as corrosion, wear or high-temperature conditions. Currently WC-based cermet coatings are frequently used in the different industry branches. In this work, conventional WC-based powders (WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr) were sprayed with High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) onto AZ31 magnesium alloy with different spray distances (320 and 400 mm). The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of the spray distance on the microstructure of the coatings, phase composition and electrochemical corrosion resistance. Results revealed that higher spray distance results in greater porosity, 1.9% and 2.3% for 320 mm and 2.8% and 3.1% for 400 mm in case of WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr coatings, respectively. Also the influence has been observed for coatings microhardness, c.a. 1300 HV0.3 for shorter spray distance, whereas for longer one it was less than 1100 HV0.3. The corrosion resistance estimated in potentiodynamic polarization measurements was the best for WC-Co-Cr coating deposited from the shorter spray distance, corrosion current density was equal to 2.9 µA·cm-2 and polarization resistance was equal to 8424 Ω∙cm2.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Jonda
Leszek Łatka
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Maciej
Marcin Godzierz
Klaudiusz Gołombek
Andrzej Radziszewski
16 Effect of hot deformation and isothermal holding temperature on retained austenite characteristics in 3-5% Mn multiphase steels
Marek Opiela , Adam Grajcar , Wojciech Pakieła
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144611 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144611
Keywords: hot deformation bainitic transformation retained austenite multi-phase structure Mn effect
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Abstract

The paper presents stress-strain characteristics recorded during the four-step compression of axisymmetric samples in the Gleeble thermomechanical simulator. The hot deformability of three steels with Mn concentrations of 3%, 4% and 5% was compared. The analysis of the influence of plastic deformation and Mn content on the microstructure of alloys, and in particular, on a fraction and morphological features of the retained austenite, was performed. The proportion of the retained austenite was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. It was found that the content of Mn in the range from 3% to 5% does not have a significant impact on the high-temperature resistance of the steel during compression tests, but it has a significant influence on the microstructure of the steel and the fraction of retained austenite. The optimal conditions for maximizing the proportion of retained austenite were obtained at the temperature of 400 °C, and it decreased with increasing Mn concentration in the steel. It has been shown that it is related to the redistribution of carbon from the remaining austenite fraction with an increase in the manganese content. The mechanical properties were determined on the basis of hardness measurements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Opiela
Adam Grajcar
Wojciech Pakieła
ORCID: ORCID
17 The use of DSC curves and the Kronmüller theory to study the level of structural defects of Fe-based bulk amorphous alloys
Bartłomiej Jeż , Marcin Nabiałek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144613 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144613
Keywords: injection-casting method bulk amorphous alloys soft magnetic materials free volume structural defects
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Abstract

This article presents the results of tests carried out on rapid quenched Fe-based alloys. The alloys were made using an injection-casting method. The actual structure of the alloys was also studied using an indirect method, based on H. Kronmüller's theorem. Based on analysis of the primary magnetization curves, in accordance with the aforementioned theory, it was found that Mo causes a change in internal regions associated with changes in the direction of the magnetization vector. The evolution of the thermal properties with increasing volume of Mo has been confirmed by the DSC curves. Addition of Mo, at the expense of the Nb component, results in changes to the crystallization process (i.e. the crystallization onset temperature and number of stages). The study showed that the addition of Mo at the expense of Nb reduces glass forming ability. Based on the DSC analysis, free volumes were determined for the alloys tested. These values were compared with the analysis of primary magnetization curves. It was found that the DSC curves can be used to indirectly describe the structure of amorphous alloys similar to the theory of the approach to ferromagnetic saturation. This approach is new and can be used by many researchers in this field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Jeż
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
ORCID: ORCID
18 Influence of annealing conditions on changes of the structure and selected properties of Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys
Rafał Babilas , Monika Spilka , Wojciech Łoński , Adrian Radoń , Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł , Piotr Gębara
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144614 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144614
Keywords: Al-Y-Fe metallic glasses heat treatment structural tests corrosion resistance magnetic properties
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Abstract

Al-Y-Fe amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys are characterized by a unique collection of diverse properties that are influenced by various factors, including heat treatment. In this paper, the effect of heat treatment on the structural changes and selected properties of Al-Y-Fe metallic glasses in the as-spun state is investigated. The structure of the Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). The corrosion resistance of the samples was characterized using polarization tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 °C. The effect of sodium chloride on the surface was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The magnetic properties of Al-based alloys were explored using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was revealed that the tested alloys show better properties after annealing than in the as-spun state. The annealing of the Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys in the temperature range of 200 to 300 °C improved the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of these materials. After 3,600 s, the better EOCP values were recorded for the Al88Y6Fe6 and Al88Y7Fe5 alloys after annealing at 300 °C and 200 °C, adequately. On the basis of the polarization tests, it was concluded that the electrochemical properties are better for Al88Y6Fe6 alloys after annealing at 300 °C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Babilas
Monika Spilka
Wojciech Łoński
Adrian Radoń
Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł
Piotr Gębara
19 Study of Si Morphology in AlSi21CuNiMg Cast Alloy Using Colour and Deep Etching
Eva Tillová , Mária Chalupová , Lenka Kuchariková , Mirosław Bonek , Milan Uhríčik , Lucia Pastierovičová
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144618 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144618
Keywords: Al-Si cast alloy primary silicon deep etching morphology
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Abstract

The effect of possible modification and refining effect of Al-Cu-P-based pre-alloy combined with Fe on the microstructure and the silicon morphology change in hypereutectic Al-Si cast alloy was studied. The samples in the as-cast state were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The 3D morphology of both primary and eutectic silicon was observed by using colour and deep etching in detail. The results showed that the AlCu19P1.4 pre-alloy (1.07 wt.%) combined with the addition of Fe (0.02 wt.%) has a significant effect on the change of the amount, size and morphology of primary Si. This is significantly refined and changes the shape from a coarse irregular star-shaped, polyhedral, or plate-like shape to a fine polyhedral shape. The average size of the primary Si is reduced by about of 78 % from 135 μm to 28 μm and the number of primary Si particles increased from 7.4 to 237. No change in the morphology of the eutectic Si was observed; a refinement of the structure from a coarse needle/plate-like to a fine plate-like structure was seen. The depth etching method using HCl was very effective in the study of the 3D silicon morphology observed, which could be observed in detail without the presence of artefacts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eva Tillová
Mária Chalupová
Lenka Kuchariková
Mirosław Bonek
Milan Uhríčik
Lucia Pastierovičová
20 Modular distributed models of production systems: a Petri nets based approach
Reggie Davidrajuh , Damian Krenczyk , Bożena Skolud
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144621 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144621
Keywords: production engineering systems sustainability modular Petri nets Petri Modules GPenSIM
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Abstract

Modeling and simulation are key performance analysis and control techniques to optimize decision-making as well as design and operate complex production systems. They are also indicated as one of the technological pillars of modern industry and IT solutions supporting the implementation of the roadmap toward Industry 4.0 in the areas of digital transformation and automation. In the context of the required rapid transformation of today’s enterprises, it becomes extremely important to look for solutions that allow the use of the existing infrastructure, information, and energy, so as to minimize the negative impact of new technologies and the transformation process itself on the environment. The article presents an approach to modeling large and complex production systems with the use of distributed Petri net models allowing the use of the possessed IT infrastructure as consistent with the idea of sustainable development in the activities of enterprises. This eliminates two major problems that render traditional models unusable. The first is related to the difficulties in analyzing and verifying models of enormous size and infinite space of states. The second is related to the required computing power, if such analyzes are to be performed on one computing unit, which would force the producers to replace the IT infrastructure. For this purpose, modular Petri nets are introduced. Other benefits of modularization, such as smaller components that can be independently analyzed, are also presented in the paper. The proposed modular Petri net has been implemented in the proprietary GPenSIM software. The paper is complemented by a practical example of industrial modeling of production systems with automated guided vehicles (AGVs) using the Modular Model with Intelligent Petri Modules.
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Authors and Affiliations

Reggie Davidrajuh
Damian Krenczyk
Bożena Skolud
21 Investigations of CrN/TiO2 coatings obtained in a hybrid PVD/ALD method on Al-Si-Cu alloy substrate
Marcin Staszuk
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144622 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144622
Keywords: ALD PVD hybrid coatings TiO2 aluminum alloys corrosion resistant
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Abstract

The paper addresses an important scientific topic from the utilitarian point of view concerning the surface treatment of Al-Si-Cu aluminum alloys by PVD/ALD hybrid coating deposition. The influence of the conditions of deposition of titanium oxide in CrN/TiO2 coatings on their structure and properties, in particular corrosion resistance, were investigated. The TiO2 layer was produced by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method with a variable number of cycles. Structural investigations were performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy methods. Electrochemical properties were analyzed using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The CrN/TiO2 hybrid coating with titanium oxide deposited at 500 ALD cycles showed the best corrosion properties. It was also found that the prerequisite for obtaining the best electrochemical properties was the amorphous structure of titanium oxide in the tested hybrid coatings. The high tribological properties of the tested coatings were also confirmed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Staszuk
22 Elastic buckling of a generalized cylindrical sandwich panel under axial compression
Krzysztof Magnucki , Ewa Magnucka , Leszek Wittenbeck
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144623 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144623
Keywords: cylindrical sandwich panel rectangular sandwich plate elastic buckling
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Abstract

The paper is devoted to buckling problem of an axially compressed generalized cylindrical sandwich panel and rectangular sandwich plate. The continuous variation of mechanical properties in thickness direction of the structures is assumed. The generalized theory of deformation of the straight line normal to the neutral surface is applied. The analytical model of this sandwich panel is elaborated. Three differential equations of equilibrium of this panel based on the principle of stationary potential energy are obtained. This system of equations is analytically solved and the critical load is derived. Moreover, the limit transformation of the sandwich panel to a sandwich rectangular plate is presented. The critical loads of the example cylindrical panels and rectangular plates are derived.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Magnucki
Ewa Magnucka
Leszek Wittenbeck
23 Obstacle avoidance method of autonomous vehicle based on fusion improved A*APF algorithm
Yubin Qian , Hongtao Sun , Song Feng
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144624 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144624
Keywords: obstacle avoidance path planning fuzzy control tracking control
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Abstract

This paper proposes an autonomous obstacle avoidance method combining improved A-star (A*) and improved artificial potential field (APF) to solve the planning and tracking problems of autonomous vehicles in a road environment. The A*APF algorithm to perform path planning tasks, and based on the longitudinal braking distance model, a dynamically changing obstacle influence range is designed. When there is no obstacle affecting the controlled vehicle, the improved A* algorithm with angle constraint combined with steering cost can quickly generate the optimal route and reduce turning points. If the controlled vehicle enters the influence domain of obstacle, the improved artificial potential field algorithm will generate lane changing paths and optimize the local optimal locations based on simulated annealing. Pondering the influence of surrounding participants, the four-mode obstacle avoidance process is established, and the corresponding safe distance condition is analyzed. A particular index is introduced to comprehensively evaluate speed, risk warning, and safe distance factors, so the proposed method is designed based on the fuzzy control theory. In the tracking task, a model predictive controller in the light of the kinematics model is devised to make the longitudinal and lateral process of lane changing meet comfort requirements, generating a feasible autonomous lane-change path. Finally, the simulation was performed in the Matlab/Simulink and Carsim combined environment. The proposed fusion path generation algorithm can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional single method and better adapt to the dynamic environment. The feasibility of the obstacle avoidance algorithm is verified in the three-lane simulation scenario to meet safety and comfort requirements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yubin Qian
Hongtao Sun
Song Feng
24 Application of imaging techniques to objectify the Finger Tapping test used in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Jacek Jakubowski , Anna Potulska-Chromik , Jolanta Chmielińska , Monika Nojszewska , Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences | Early Access | e144886 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144886
Keywords: image processing medical diagnosis Parkinson’s disease finger tapping test
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Abstract

Finger tapping is one of the standard tests for Parkinson's disease diagnosis performed to assess the motor function of patients' upper limbs. In clinical practice, the assessment of the patient's ability to perform the test is carried out visually and largely depends on the experience of clinicians. This article presents the results of research devoted to the objectification of this test. The methodology was based on the proposed measurement method consisting in frame processing of the video stream recorded during the test to determine the time series representing the distance between the index finger and the thumb. Analysis of the resulting signals was carried out in order to determine the characteristic features that were then used in the process of distinguishing patients with Parkinson's disease from healthy cases using methods of machine learning. The research was conducted with the participation of 21 patients with Parkinson's disease and 21 healthy subjects. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method at the level of approx. 80 %. However, the patients were in the so-called ON phase when symptoms are reduced due to medication, which was a much greater challenge compared to analyzing signals with clearly visible symptoms as reported in related works.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Jakubowski
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Potulska-Chromik
Jolanta Chmielińska
Monika Nojszewska
Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk

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